•  
  •  
 

Abstract

This paper examines the statutory guarantees of civil servants through a comparative analysis of two contrasting public service models: open and closed systems. In open systems, public employment is based on contracts, allowing mobility between public and private sectors, which enriches both mindsets and administrative structures. In closed systems, civil servants enter through competitive examinations and remain in public service until retirement, with strict separation between public and private sectors. They are governed by a legal and regulatory statute rather than contracts. While neither system exists in absolute form, they serve as simplified models. The author cites Anglo-Saxon countries (notably the United States) as examples of open systems, with reforms mitigating the earlier "spoil system" excesses.

DOI

10.66499/2665-7112.1733

Share

COinS